腦損傷一直是治愈的主要問題,因?yàn)樗纳窠?jīng)和周圍細(xì)胞會(huì)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥。他們?cè)趯ふ蚁嚓P(guān)治療方面造成問題。并發(fā)癥并不能保證細(xì)胞神經(jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)的有效改善和細(xì)胞功能的恢復(fù)。腦損傷通常是白質(zhì)丟失、萎縮、神經(jīng)功能障礙。它可能導(dǎo)致局灶性喪失、聽力障礙和感覺喪失。這些是標(biāo)志性的腦損傷,目前尚無治愈方法。因此,干細(xì)胞形成了治療腦重大損傷的高效方法。本章將專門討論干細(xì)胞及其對(duì)腦損傷的影響。
腦損傷介紹
腦損傷是一場(chǎng)世界性的災(zāi)難。它仍然是全球性的健康問題,治療選擇有限。圖1顯示了部分大腦[1]。大腦由大腦、小腦和延髓組成。許多損傷發(fā)生在腦部。中風(fēng)、腦外傷、帕金森病等疾病在許多患者中頻發(fā)。這些疾病會(huì)造成健康問題,并使個(gè)人承擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任[2]。由于治療選擇非常有限,可持續(xù)治療的希望是基因治療和其他新方法研究中的一個(gè)問題。因此,重點(diǎn)放在干細(xì)胞研究上,以引領(lǐng)再生醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域[3]。
這種療法預(yù)示著神經(jīng)再生能力的未來。它們有助于啟動(dòng)臨床研究方法學(xué)、潛在的治療組合以及從餐桌到體外的倫理程序。下圖顯示了人類腦損傷的百分比[3]。
神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞
有兩種調(diào)節(jié)神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的方法,一種是外源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞,另一種是內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞[4]。最近的研究揭示了大腦某些區(qū)域存在多能神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞。它們有助于生成神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞(圖2)。
進(jìn)一步的研究表明,內(nèi)源性和外源性細(xì)胞與中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)揮再生作用。下圖顯示了在大腦中移植神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞[5](圖3)。
在對(duì)這些療法的高度反應(yīng)中,細(xì)胞增殖和神經(jīng)發(fā)生一直是一個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。這也表明大腦對(duì)創(chuàng)傷做出了反應(yīng)并修復(fù)了受損部分[6]。這種治療上的成功促使科學(xué)家們進(jìn)一步研究創(chuàng)傷性損傷,例如帕金森病和其他神經(jīng)退行性疾病[7]。
移植細(xì)胞的潛力是分化為區(qū)域特異性細(xì)胞,并與宿主組織結(jié)合以替代受損部位的細(xì)胞?;蛘?,它們還提供神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)以促進(jìn)宿主組織的再生。(圖4)顯示神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞移植[8]。
腦損傷治療
對(duì)治療和結(jié)果的系統(tǒng)回顧,在腦細(xì)胞減少的部位產(chǎn)生了潛在的治療方法[9]。結(jié)合干細(xì)胞移植的療法已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了友好的解決方案,并且還有助于聯(lián)合藥物參與有效治愈受損的腦細(xì)胞[10]。腦損傷通常對(duì)治療學(xué)研究開放。當(dāng)與干細(xì)胞結(jié)合時(shí),特定激素具有有益于細(xì)胞的功能。各種中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病都傾向于抗炎作用。它們還促進(jìn)祖細(xì)胞增殖并改善創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷(圖5)。
內(nèi)源-外源內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞
神經(jīng)再生促進(jìn)祖細(xì)胞修復(fù)腦細(xì)胞。在體外模型測(cè)試中,大鼠被注射內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞 (EPC),結(jié)果顯示神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞表達(dá)增強(qiáng)的血管密度、occulin表達(dá)、減少水腫和增加血腦屏障完整性[12]。此外,屏障中存在的黃體酮會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)完整性,因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)形成用于大腦修復(fù)的EPC促進(jìn)劑。為了進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)這一理論,進(jìn)行了另一組實(shí)驗(yàn),結(jié)果占上風(fēng)[13]。將這些實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)合在一起表明黃體酮有助于刺激腦損傷干細(xì)胞的再生以治愈腦損傷。下圖顯示了腦損傷的不同研究[14]。不同程度的腦損傷和年齡分類[15]。
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞增強(qiáng)促紅細(xì)胞生成素 (EPO) 激素
間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞有助于產(chǎn)生稱為促紅細(xì)胞生成素的增強(qiáng)激素。這些激素是自然產(chǎn)生的,有助于減少血細(xì)胞,從而有助于治愈腦損傷[16]。它具有神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)、血管生成和抗炎作用。使用小鼠模型進(jìn)行體外測(cè)試,EPO與MSC結(jié)合可促進(jìn)細(xì)胞增殖、神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞活化和血管密度增加。圖6幫助我們了解NSC在腦損傷中的作用[17]。
神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞因子
大多數(shù)抗炎細(xì)胞一直在抵消大腦中干細(xì)胞的作用。它們確保細(xì)胞從所需目標(biāo)遷移并中斷增殖,從而在腦損傷部位創(chuàng)造危險(xiǎn)環(huán)境。因此,生物相容性支架用于遞送細(xì)胞以達(dá)到治療目標(biāo)。借助殼聚糖的廣泛框架,肝素和成纖維細(xì)胞NSC細(xì)胞可以摻入創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷部位以增強(qiáng)治療和治愈。它們可以改善功能恢復(fù),還有助于NSC的存活,直至腦細(xì)胞恢復(fù)和治愈[14-17]。
圖7是對(duì)腦損傷后NSC的清晰認(rèn)識(shí)[18]。進(jìn)行的大量研究表明,腦損傷的內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞會(huì)導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞增殖。他們?cè)谑軅迯?fù)后有強(qiáng)勁的增長(zhǎng),通常表示新神經(jīng)元的產(chǎn)生,以便更好地恢復(fù)細(xì)胞。這些研究強(qiáng)烈表明大腦修復(fù)和再生是通過內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞完成的[19]。通過外源性手段增加內(nèi)源性程度以增加神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞,這是一種潛在的腦損傷治療方法。圖8顯示了大腦中內(nèi)源性細(xì)胞的標(biāo)記[20]。
迄今為止,內(nèi)源性神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞是治療腦損傷的最佳選擇[21,22]。靜脈進(jìn)入大腦的方法表明,它們有助于生長(zhǎng)細(xì)胞而不是增殖并改善創(chuàng)傷性腦損傷的功能恢復(fù)[23]。下圖顯示了神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞的靜脈注射(圖 9,10)[24]。
結(jié)論
在過去的幾十年里,人們探索了神經(jīng)再生的各種來源。甚至采用了間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞方法。一系列細(xì)胞來源確定顯示出潛力,但沒有什么能像神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞那樣突出地增殖、靶向和修復(fù)腦損傷。
事實(shí)證明,它們能夠存活、增殖并遷移到皮層,分化為神經(jīng)元和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,功能恢復(fù)率提高。神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞還顯示出改進(jìn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和空間學(xué)習(xí)功能,可以在受傷部位存活長(zhǎng)達(dá)13周并完全治愈細(xì)胞。一些研究表明神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞具有成熟的神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞特性,展示了區(qū)域細(xì)胞特性。
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