不要過量服用某些藥物
NSAID 是非甾體抗炎藥,如布洛芬和萘普生。如果一次服用過多或服用頻率過高,可能會(huì)損害腎臟。長(zhǎng)期使用質(zhì)子泵抑制劑 (PPI) 治療潰瘍或胃食管反流病會(huì)增加患慢性腎病的幾率。只有在醫(yī)生說你需要時(shí)才應(yīng)該服用。
謹(jǐn)慎使用抗生素
如果經(jīng)常使用這些抗菌藥物,可能會(huì)損害您的腎臟。即使您身體非常健康,也可能發(fā)生這種情況,但如果您的腎臟功能不佳,情況會(huì)更加嚴(yán)重。某些類型的藥物,如青霉素、磺胺類藥物和頭孢菌素,更容易引起問題。
跳過草藥補(bǔ)充劑
補(bǔ)充劑制造商無需證明其產(chǎn)品是安全的,有些產(chǎn)品可能會(huì)損害您的腎臟。如果您患有腎病,這些產(chǎn)品可能特別有害,因?yàn)樗鼈儠?huì)使病情惡化或影響某些藥物的作用。在嘗試任何草藥補(bǔ)充劑之前,請(qǐng)咨詢您的醫(yī)生。
健康飲食
腎臟會(huì)處理您吃或喝的所有東西,包括對(duì)您有害的東西,例如大量脂肪、鹽和糖。隨著時(shí)間的推移,不良飲食會(huì)導(dǎo)致高血壓、肥胖、糖尿病和其他對(duì)腎臟有害的疾病。健康的飲食包括大量蔬菜、水果和全谷物,以及少量加工食品。
注意你的鹽
這種礦物質(zhì)對(duì)人體的影響各不相同。對(duì)某些人來說,它似乎會(huì)增加尿液中的蛋白質(zhì)含量。這可能會(huì)損害您的腎臟,或者如果您已經(jīng)患有腎臟疾病,則會(huì)使腎臟疾病惡化。大量鹽還會(huì)增加患高血壓(腎臟疾病的典型病因)和腎結(jié)石的幾率,如果不治療,高血壓會(huì)非常痛苦,并且可能會(huì)造成損害。
喝足夠的水
水有助于將重要的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)輸送到腎臟,并將廢物以尿液的形式排到膀胱。如果喝水不足,腎臟內(nèi)的微小過濾器可能會(huì)被堵塞,導(dǎo)致腎結(jié)石和感染。如果脫水頻率過高,即使是輕微的脫水也會(huì)損害腎臟。通常每天喝四到六杯就足夠了,但如果你生病了或天氣炎熱,可能需要喝更多。
鍛煉
就像健康飲食一樣,這有助于預(yù)防糖尿病和心臟病等可能導(dǎo)致腎臟損害的疾病。但不要試圖在一天之內(nèi)從懶人變成健身狂。如果你還沒有做好準(zhǔn)備,過多的運(yùn)動(dòng)也會(huì)損害你的腎臟。每周至少五天,每天鍛煉 30 到 60 分鐘。如果你有一段時(shí)間沒有鍛煉了,可以慢慢開始,如果有健康問題,請(qǐng)先咨詢醫(yī)生。
接受篩查
了解自己患腎病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很重要。如果您或近親患有心臟病、高血壓、糖尿病或有腎衰竭家族史,則患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高。在這些情況下,醫(yī)生可能會(huì)建議您在常規(guī)檢查中做特定的腎臟檢查。越早發(fā)現(xiàn),越容易治療,有時(shí)甚至可以阻止病情。
小心飲酒
如果你身體健康,喝一兩杯酒不太可能傷害你的腎臟。但酗酒(兩小時(shí)內(nèi)喝四杯以上)可能會(huì)造成突然的嚴(yán)重?fù)p害,并可能導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)期問題。酒精通常會(huì)使你脫水,這會(huì)使你的腎臟無法正常工作,并導(dǎo)致體重增加、肝病、高血壓和其他給腎臟帶來更大壓力的疾病。
戒煙
吸煙會(huì)增加患腎癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),還會(huì)損害血管,從而減緩血液流向腎臟,影響腎臟。此外,吸煙還會(huì)影響某些治療高血壓的藥物。這很嚴(yán)重,因?yàn)椴皇芸刂频母哐獕菏悄I臟疾病的主要原因。
管理健康問題
影響腎臟的兩種最常見疾病是糖尿病和高血壓。均衡飲食和定期鍛煉有助于控制這兩種疾病。對(duì)于糖尿病患者,密切關(guān)注血糖并在需要時(shí)注射胰島素也很重要。對(duì)于高血壓患者,請(qǐng)定期檢查血糖值并嚴(yán)格按照醫(yī)生的處方服用所有藥物。
參考資料:
- Acta Medica Iranica: “Antibiotics induced acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, onset time and outcome.”
- Blood Pressure Association: “Salt’s effects on your body.”
- Cleveland Clinic: “How Salt Can Impact Your Blood Pressure, Heart and Kidneys,” “What Does Moderate Exercise Mean, Anyway?” “Supplements, OTCs May Hurt Your Kidneys,” “7 Secrets to Keeping Your Kidneys Healthy.”
- Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology: “Principles of Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease,” “A Review of Dietary Supplement–Induced Renal Dysfunction.”
- Harvard Health Publishing: “How much water should you drink?”
- Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: “Proton Pump Inhibitors and CKD.”
- MedShadow Foundation: “6 Medications That Can Harm the Kidneys.”
- National Kidney Foundation: “Smoking and Your Health,” “Alcohol and Your Kidneys,” “Which Drugs are Harmful to Your Kidneys?” “Herbal Supplements and Kidney Disease,” “Exercise: What You Should Know,” “Can Dehydration Affect Your Kidneys?” “Six-Step Guide to Protecting Kidney Health.”
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: “Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What’s In a Name?”
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease,” “Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease.”
- UNC Kidney Center: “Chronic Kidney Disease: Medicines to Avoid/Okay to Take/Antibiotics.”
- UpToDate: “Screening for chronic kidney disease.”
- USDA ChooseMyPlate.gov: “Start Simple With My Plate.”
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Toxicology Program: “Aristolochic Acids.”
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine Action on Salt: “Kidney disease and kidney stones.”
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